Development and Validation of a School-Based Educational Package Based on Reality Therapy Theory for Female Students
Keywords:
reality therapy, choice theory, school-based intervention, educational package, female students, content validityAbstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to develop and content-validate a school-based educational package grounded in reality therapy theory to enhance psychosocial, motivational, and self-regulatory competencies among female students.
Methods and Materials: This study employed a qualitative descriptive design based on the guided and progressive approach to qualitative orientation. The educational package was developed through a systematic multi-stage process, including defining objectives, reviewing and analyzing relevant theoretical and empirical literature, extracting key concepts, organizing content, and designing a structured package consisting of ten sessions. Each session was organized around four core components: objectives, structure, techniques, and assignments. To evaluate content validity, the package was reviewed by a panel of 11 experts in psychology, counseling, and education. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was calculated using Lawshe’s method to assess the necessity of each component, and the Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated to assess relevance and clarity, following established content validity evaluation procedures.
Findings: The results indicated that all components of the educational package met or exceeded the minimum acceptable thresholds for content validity. CVR values for all sessions and components surpassed the critical value required for an expert panel of 11 members, indicating that the content was judged to be essential. Additionally, CVI values for all items were higher than the accepted criterion, demonstrating strong relevance and adequacy of the package content across objectives, structure, techniques, and assignments. Overall, the findings confirmed the internal coherence and content validity of the developed educational package.
Conclusion: The validated educational package demonstrates strong content validity and provides a theoretically grounded, structured, and culturally responsive framework that can be implemented in school settings to support female students’ psychosocial development, motivation, responsibility, and self-awareness.
Downloads
References
Abbasi, H., Ahmadi, S. A., Fatehi Zadeh, M., & Bahrami, F. (2016). The impact of reality therapy on personal commitment among couples. Biannual Journal of Counseling Pathology and Family Enrichment, 39, 39-53. https://fpcej.ir/article-1-116-fa.html
Arab, A. (2020). Choice theory in a happy classroom. Tehran: Arshadan Educational Publishing.
Aziz, A. R. (2022). The effectiveness of reality therapy in group counseling to achieve student motivation for academic well-being. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 886-898. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdul-Rashid-Abdul-Aziz/publication/364320039_The_Effectiveness_of_Reality_Therapy_in_Group_Counseling_to_Achieve_Student_Motivation_for_Academic_Well-Being/links/6347945dff870c55ce1f638d/The-Effectiveness-of-Reality-Therapy-in-Group-Counseling-to-Achieve-Student-Motivation-for-Academic-Well-Being.pdf
Dizjamai, F., & Kharamin, S. (2016). The impact of reality therapy on marital satisfaction and quality of life in women. Armaghan-e Danesh Journal, 2, 187-199. https://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/NF670139510907.pdf
Ebadi, Z. P. (2020). Effectiveness of Reality Therapy Based on Choice Theory on Marital Intimacy and Satisfaction. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 8(2), 2230-2239. https://journals.mums.ac.ir/article_15646_3f0218546e8cf6a1d48eed9b79513c1d.pdf
Ghorbanpour, A., Rezaei, S., & Pour Mohammadi, F. (2021). The effectiveness of group training in reality therapy based on Glasser's choice theory on marital instability and intimacy. Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences, 55, 545-565. https://ijndibs.com/browse.php?a_id=634&slc_lang=fa&sid=1&printcase=1&hbnr=1&hmb=1
Golshanpour, B. (2018). The effectiveness of self-regulated learning strategies on academic self-concept and academic success of first-grade female secondary school students. Journal of Iranian Educational Sociology, 10, 69-84. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1862277/
Haskins, N. H. (2017). Relational-Cultural Theory and Reality Therapy: A Culturally Responsive Integrative Framework. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95, 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12120
Hedayati, F., & Najafi, M. (2019). A systematic model of fundamental transformation in education from the perspective of the Supreme Leader. Puyesh Journal of Humanities Education, 16, 12-21. https://www.sid.ir/paper/269487/fa
Hosseini, F., & Heydari, S. (2024). The effectiveness of reality therapy on academic anxiety in gifted female high school students. Innovative Approaches in Educational Management and Health Sciences, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.22034/edus.2025.225895
Ismaili, M. (2010). Choice theory and reality therapy in schools. Dialogue Journal, 2, 25-35. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/229218/
Kilcup, C. (2016). Secret wisdom: Spiritual intelligence in adolescents. Gifted Education International, 32(3), 242-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429415602587
Kim, J., Gu, B., & Cho, Y. (2025). Effects of Self-Regulation Strategy-Based Interventions for Elementary Students With Learning Difficulties: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies in Korea. Korean J Special Edu, 60(2), 151-181. https://doi.org/10.15861/kjse.2025.60.2.151
Kordnoghabi, R. (2017). Wisdom, intelligence, creativity. International Journal of Education and Learning, 6(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijel.2017.6.2.01
Naderi, H. F. (2015). The efficiency of reality therapy instruction upon the rate of life's qualification and marital conflicts of addicted spouses. J UMP Soc Sci Technol Manag, 3(3), 531-535. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Habibollah-Naderi/publication/308597780_The_Efficiency_of_Reality_Therapy_Instruction_upon_the_Rate_of_Life's_Qualification_and_Marital_Conflicts_of_Addicted_Spouses/links/57e7c68f08aedcd5d1ac5016/The-Efficiency-of-Reality-Therapy-Instruction-upon-the-Rate-of-Lifes-Qualification-and-Marital-Conflicts-of-Addicted-Spouses.pdf
Napp, C. (2022). The stereotype that girls lack talent: A worldwide investigation. Science advances, 8(10), eabm3689. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm3689
Nowruzpoor, E. V. (2021). The effectiveness of Reality therapy on Self-efficacy and Identity Styles of Female Students. International Journal of Pediatrics, 9(8), 14212-14223. https://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/5074020219211.pdf
Nurjanah, A. S. (2020). The Effectiveness of Reality Therapy in Improving Learning Motivation and Discipline. Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 9(2), 87-91. https://doi.org/10.12928/psikopedagogia.v9i2.19470
Ojewola, F. O. (2015). The relative efficacy of reality therapy procedure in reducing indiscipline among in school adolescents. International Journal of Vocational Educational and Training Research, 2(6), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijvetr.20160206.11
Rahchamani, F. (2024, July 3). The Effectiveness of Group Reality Therapy on Academic Motivation and Social Acceptance of Married Students.
Saboohi, Z., Solhi, M., Lotfi, M., & Nasiri, M. (2025). The Effect of Intervention Based on Adapted Mental Health Literacy Curriculum on Attitude and Help-Seeking Intention in High School Students in Iran. Journal of education and health promotion, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_176_24
Sahabi, A. (2018). Choice theory in schools. Tehran: Shade Sokhan Publishing.
Sahoo, S. (2016). Girls' education in India: Status and challenges. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 6(7), 130-141. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjukta-Sahoo/publication/344713737_Girls'_Education_in_India_Status_and_Challenges/links/5f8b0af4299bf1b53e2cb0c1/Girls-Education-in-India-Status-and-Challenges.pdf
Soflai, S. A. (2017). The effectiveness of Reality Therapy on quality of life, mental health and happiness of parents of children with disabilities. Health Research, 3(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.29252/hrjbaq.3.2.95
Sudiarsana, I. K. (2021). Reality counseling application to improve students learning motivation. COUNS-EDU: The International Journal of Counseling and Education, 6(4), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.23916/0020210638740
Tortora. (2020). Sexual fantasies and stereotypical gender roles: The influence of sexual orientation, gender and social pressure in a sample of Italian young-adults. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2864. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02864
Xiong, J. (2016). An Application Model of Reality Therapy to Develop Effective Achievement Goals in Tier Three Intervention. International Education Studies, 9(10), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n10p16
Zelli, M. H., Seadatee Shamir, A., & Kazemi, A. S. (2025). The effectiveness of the Maher Crystallized Intelligence psycho-educational intervention on increasing socio-cultural intelligence in second-grade elementary school students in Tehran. Sociology of Education, 10(3), 275-288. https://iase-jrn.ir/index.php/se/article/view/506
Zhang, Y., Fallon, L. M., Larson, M., Wright, D. B., Cook, C. R., & Lyon, A. R. (2025). Associations Among Educators’ Beliefs, Intervention Fidelity, and Student Outcomes in School-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions, and Supports: A School-Level Moderated Mediation Analysis. School Psychology, 40(4), 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000615
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajedeh Fazeli Shahroudi, Fariborz Dortaj, Kamran Sheivandi Cholicheh, Noor Ali Farrokhi, Fatemeh Ghaemi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
